Posts tagged Rust

Is this post a thinly disguised ripoff of Brian Anderson’s post about embedding Rust in Ruby? Why yes. Yes it is.

Okay, let me start with a little background. Rust is a magnificent language that comes from Mozilla; it’s targeted at programmers who want

• high and predictable performance,
• control over memory layout,
• good support for concurrency, and
• safety.

I think the Mozilla Research homepage is probably the best place to start learning about Rust.

To be honest, though, I’m probably flattering myself if I think that this blog post is being read by anyone who doesn’t already know lots about Rust.

One of the key requirements of a language like Rust is that it be embeddable; that is, it should be possible to call Rust code from another language just as it’s possible to call C code from another language.

This is now possible.

To illustrate this, Brian Anderson posted a lovely example of embedding Rust in Ruby. But of course, embedding Rust in Ruby is pretty much exactly the same as embedding Rust in any other language.

Say, for instance, Racket.

So, without further ado, here’s the setup. You just happen to have a small web app written in Racket that performs a Gaussian Blur. You decide to optimize the performance by porting your code to Rust. Then you want to plug your Rust code into your Racket application. Done! Here’s the github repo that contains all of the code.

Let’s see that again in slow motion.

First, here’s the gaussian blur function, written in Racket. We’re going to stick with a grayscale image. It works fine in color, but the code is just that much harder to read.

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

;; the gaussian filter used in the racket blur.
;; boosted center value by 1/1000 to make sure that whites stay white.
(define filter '[[0.011 0.084 0.011]
                 [0.084 0.620 0.084]
                 [0.011 0.084 0.011]])

;; racket-blur: blur the image using the gaussian filter
;; number number list-of-bytes -> vector-of-bytes
(define (racket-blur width height data)
  (define data-vec (list->vector data))
  ;; ij->offset : compute the offset of the pixel data within the buffer
  (define (ij->offset i j)
    (+ i (* j width)))
  (define bytes-len (* width height))
  (define new-bytes (make-vector bytes-len 0))
  (define filter-x (length (car filter)))
  (define filter-y (length filter))
  (define offset-x (/ (sub1 filter-x) 2))
  (define offset-y (/ (sub1 filter-y) 2))
  ;; compute the filtered byte array
  (for* ([x width]
         [y height])
    (define new-val
      (for*/fold ([sum 0.0])
        ([dx filter-x]
         [dy filter-y])
        (define sample-x (modulo (+ dx (- x offset-x)) width))
        (define sample-y (modulo (+ dy (- y offset-y)) height))
        (define sample-value (vector-ref data-vec (ij->offset sample-x sample-y)))
        (define weight (list-ref (list-ref filter dy) dx))
        (+ sum (* weight sample-value))))
    (vector-set! new-bytes (ij->offset x y) new-val))
  (vector->list new-bytes))

Suppose we want to rewrite that in Rust. Here’s what it might look like:

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

fn blur_rust(width: uint, height: uint, data: &[u8]) -> ~[u8] {

    let filter = [[0.011, 0.084, 0.011],
                  [0.084, 0.620, 0.084],
                  [0.011, 0.084, 0.011]];

    let mut newdata = ~[];

    for uint::range(0, height) |y| {
        for uint::range(0, width) |x| {
            let mut new_value = 0.0;
            for uint::range(0, filter.len()) |yy| {
                for uint::range(0, filter.len()) |xx| {
                    let x_sample = x - (filter.len() - 1) / 2 + xx;
                    let y_sample = y - (filter.len() - 1) / 2 + yy;
                    let sample_value = data[width * (y_sample % height) + (x_sample % width)];
                    let sample_value = sample_value as float;
                    let weight = filter[yy][xx];
                    new_value += sample_value * weight;
                }
            }
            newdata.push(new_value as u8);
        }
    }

    return newdata;
}

Pretty similar. Of course, it uses curly braces, so it runs about three times faster…

So: what kind of glue code is necessary to link the Rust code to the Racket code? Not a lot. On the Rust side, we need to create a pointer to the C data, then copy the result back into the source buffer when we’re done with the blur:

 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12

#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn blur(width: c_uint, height: c_uint, data: *mut u8) {
    let width = width as uint;
    let height = height as uint;

    unsafe {
        do vec::raw::mut_buf_as_slice(data, width * height) |data| {
            let out_data = blur_rust(width, height, data);
            vec::raw::copy_memory(data, out_data, width * height);
        }
    }
}

On the Racket side, it’s just a question of making an ffi call, which is super-concise:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

;; link to the rust library:
(define rust-lib (ffi-lib (build-path here "libblur-68a2c114141ca-0.0")))
(define rust-blur-fun (get-ffi-obj "blur" rust-lib (_fun _uint _uint _cvector -> _void)))

(define (rust-blur width height data)
  (define cvec (list->cvector data _byte))
  (rust-blur-fun width height cvec)
  (cvector->list cvec))

And away you go!

I’ve got this code running live at FIXME. What’s that you say? You can’t seem to find FIXME?